| 2026 | GECCO | Evolving Neural Cellular Automata With Gradient Lexicase Selection. | Ivan Betancourt, Lee Spector |
| 2026 | GECCO | Structural Meta-Case Regularization for Lexicase Selection. | Ben Ritter, Lee Spector |
| 2025 | GECCO | Dominated Novelty Search: Rethinking Local Competition in Quality-Diversity. | Ryan Bahlous-Boldi, Maxence Faldor, Luca Grillotti, Hannah Janmohamed, Lisa Coiffard, Lee Spector, Antoine Cully |
| 2024 | EUROGP | Generational Computation Reduction in Informal Counterexample-Driven Genetic Programming. | Thomas Helmuth, Edward R. Pantridge, James Gunder Frazier, Lee Spector |
| 2024 | EUROGP | DALex: Lexicase-Like Selection via Diverse Aggregation. | Andrew Ni, Li Ding, Lee Spector |
| 2024 | GECCO | Solving Deceptive Problems Without Explicit Diversity Maintenance. | Ryan Boldi, Li Ding, Lee Spector |
| 2024 | GECCO | A Comprehensive Analysis of Down-sampling for Genetic Programming-based Program Synthesis. | Ryan Boldi, Ashley Bao, Martin Briesch, Thomas Helmuth, Dominik Sobania, Lee Spector, Alexander Lalejini |
| 2024 | GECCO | Improving Lexicase Selection with Informed Down-Sampling. | Martin Briesch, Ryan Boldi, Dominik Sobania, Alexander Lalejini, Thomas Helmuth, Franz Rothlauf, Charles Ofria, Lee Spector |
| 2024 | GECCO | Facilitating Function Application in Code Building Genetic Programming. | Thomas Helmuth, Jayden Fedoroff, Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2024 | GECCO | Effective Adaptive Mutation Rates for Program Synthesis. | Andrew Ni, Lee Spector |
| 2024 | ICML | Quality Diversity through Human Feedback: Towards Open-Ended Diversity-Driven Optimization. | Li Ding, Jenny Zhang, Jeff Clune, Lee Spector, Joel Lehman |
| 2023 | GECCO | Probabilistic Lexicase Selection. | Li Ding, Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2023 | GECCO | The Problem Solving Benefits of Down-sampling Vary by Selection Scheme. | Ryan Boldi, Ashley Bao, Martin Briesch, Thomas Helmuth, Dominik Sobania, Lee Spector, Alexander Lalejini |
| 2023 | GECCO | A Static Analysis of Informed Down-Samples. | Ryan Boldi, Alexander Lalejini, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2023 | GECCO | Can the Problem-Solving Benefits of Quality Diversity Be Obtained without Explicit Diversity Maintenance? | Ryan Boldi, Lee Spector |
| 2022 | GECCO | Going faster and hence further with lexicase selection. | Li Ding, Ryan Boldi, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2022 | GECCO | Lexicase selection at scale. | Li Ding, Ryan Boldi, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2022 | GECCO | Evolutionary quantum architecture search for parametrized quantum circuits. | Li Ding, Lee Spector |
| 2022 | GECCO | Functional code building genetic programming. | Edward R. Pantridge, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2022 | GECCO | Environments with local scopes for modules in genetic programming. | Anil Kumar Saini, Lee Spector, Thomas Helmuth |
| 2022 | ICLR | Optimizing Neural Networks with Gradient Lexicase Selection. | Li Ding, Lee Spector |
| 2021 | GECCO | Evolving neural selection with adaptive regularization. | Li Ding, Lee Spector |
| 2021 | GECCO | GLEAM: genetic learning by extraction and absorption of modules. | Anil Kumar Saini, Lee Spector |
| 2021 | GECCO | Push. | Lee Spector |
| 2020 | EUROGP | Effect of Parent Selection Methods on Modularity. | Anil Kumar Saini, Lee Spector |
| 2020 | GECCO | Transfer Learning of Genetic Programming Instruction Sets. | Thomas Helmuth, Edward R. Pantridge, Grace Woolson, Lee Spector |
| 2020 | GECCO | Counterexample-driven genetic programming without formal specifications. | Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector, Edward R. Pantridge |
| 2020 | GECCO | Code building genetic programming. | Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2020 | GECCO | Why and when are loops useful in genetic programming? | Anil Kumar Saini, Lee Spector |
| 2020 | GECCO | Push. | Lee Spector |
| 2019 | GECCO | Lexicase selection in learning classifier systems. | Sneha Aenugu, Lee Spector |
| 2019 | GECCO | Lexicase selection of specialists. | Thomas Helmuth, Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2019 | GECCO | Modularity metrics for genetic programming. | Anil Kumar Saini, Lee Spector |
| 2019 | GECCO | Push: genetic programming for finite algebras. | Lee Spector, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, David M. Clark, Ian Lindsay, Bradford Barr, Jon Klein |
| 2018 | GECCO | A multidimensional genetic programming approach for identifying epsistatic gene interactions. | William G. La Cava, Sara Silva, Kourosh Danai, Lee Spector, Leonardo Vanneschi, Jason H. Moore |
| 2018 | GECCO | Program synthesis using uniform mutation by addition and deletion. | Thomas Helmuth, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Lee Spector |
| 2018 | GECCO | Specialization and elitism in lexicase and tournament selection. | Edward R. Pantridge, Thomas Helmuth, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Lee Spector |
| 2018 | GECCO | Plushi: an embeddable, language agnostic, push interpreter. | Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2018 | GECCO | Expressive genetic programming: concepts and applications. | Lee Spector, Nicholas Freitag McPhee |
| 2017 | GECCO | Improving generalization of evolved programs through automatic simplification. | Thomas Helmuth, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2017 | GECCO | Visualizing genetic programming ancestries using graph databases. | Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Maggie M. Casale, Mitchell Finzel, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2017 | GECCO | Using algorithm configuration tools to optimize genetic programming parameters: a case study. | Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2017 | GECCO | On the difficulty of benchmarking inductive program synthesis methods. | Edward R. Pantridge, Thomas Helmuth, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Lee Spector |
| 2017 | GECCO | PyshGP: PushGP in Python. | Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2017 | GECCO | Expressive genetic programming: concepts and applications. | Lee Spector, Nicholas Freitag McPhee |
| 2017 | GECCO | Recent developments in autoconstructive evolution. | Lee Spector, Eva Moscovici |
| 2016 | GECCO | Epsilon-Lexicase Selection for Regression. | William G. La Cava, Lee Spector, Kourosh Danai |
| 2016 | GECCO | The Impact of Hyperselection on Lexicase Selection. | Thomas Helmuth, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Lee Spector |
| 2016 | GECCO | Effects of Lexicase and Tournament Selection on Diversity Recovery and Maintenance. | Thomas Helmuth, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Lee Spector |
| 2016 | GECCO | Visualizing Genetic Programming Ancestries. | Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Maggie M. Casale, Mitchell Finzel, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2016 | GECCO | Evolution of Layer Based Neural Networks: Preliminary Report. | Edward R. Pantridge, Lee Spector |
| 2016 | GECCO | Expressive Genetic Programming: Concepts and Applications. | Lee Spector, Nicholas Freitag McPhee |
| 2016 | GECCO | Evolution Evolves with Autoconstruction. | Lee Spector, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Thomas Helmuth, Maggie M. Casale, Julian Oks |
| 2015 | GECCO | Genetic Programming with Epigenetic Local Search. | William G. La Cava, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector, Kourosh Danai |
| 2015 | GECCO | General Program Synthesis Benchmark Suite. | Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2015 | GECCO | Comparison of Semantic-aware Selection Methods in Genetic Programming. | Pawel Liskowski, Krzysztof Krawiec, Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2015 | GECCO | Expressive Genetic Programming. | Lee Spector |
| 2014 | GECCO | Evolving differential equations with developmental linear genetic programming and epigenetic hill climbing. | William G. La Cava, Lee Spector, Kourosh Danai, Matthew Lackner |
| 2014 | GECCO | Word count as a traditional programming benchmark problem for genetic programming. | Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2014 | GECCO | Expressive genetic programming. | Lee Spector |
| 2014 | GECCO | Effective simplification of evolved push programs using a simple, stochastic hill-climber. | Lee Spector, Thomas Helmuth |
| 2013 | GECCO | Evolving a digital multiplier with the pushgp genetic programming system. | Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2013 | GECCO | Expressive genetic programming. | Lee Spector |
| 2013 | GECCO | A behavior-based analysis of modal problems. | Leonardo Trujillo, Lee Spector, Enrique Naredo, Yuliana Martnez |
| 2012 | GECCO | Autoconstructive evolution for structural problems. | Kyle Ira Harrington, Lee Spector, Jordan B. Pollack, Una-May O'Reilly |
| 2012 | GECCO | Empirical investigation of size-based tournaments for node selection in genetic programming. | Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector |
| 2012 | GECCO | Assessment of problem modality by differential performance of lexicase selection in genetic programming: a preliminary report. | Lee Spector |
| 2012 | GECCO | Expressive genetic programming: tutorial: 2012 genetic and evolutionary computation conference (GECCO-2012). | Lee Spector |
| 2012 | GECCO | Tag-based modularity in tree-based genetic programming. | Lee Spector, Kyle Ira Harrington, Thomas Helmuth |
| 2012 | GECCO | Achieving COSMOS: a metric for determining when to give up and when to reach for the stars. | Emma Tosch, Lee Spector |
| 2011 | GECCO | Size-based tournaments for node selection. | Thomas Helmuth, Lee Spector, Brian Martin |
| 2011 | GECCO | Evolution of reward functions for reinforcement learning. | Scott Niekum, Lee Spector, Andrew G. Barto |
| 2011 | GECCO | Evolving quantum computer algorithms. | Lee Spector |
| 2011 | GECCO | Fecundity and selectivity in evolutionary computation. | Lee Spector, Thomas Helmuth, Kyle Ira Harrington |
| 2011 | GECCO | Tag-based modules in genetic programming. | Lee Spector, Brian Martin, Kyle Ira Harrington, Thomas Helmuth |
| 2010 | GECCO | Evolution of quantum algorithms. | Lee Spector |
| 2009 | GECCO | Evolving quantum computer algorithms. | Lee Spector |
| 2008 | GECCO | Quantum computing. | Lee Spector |
| 2008 | GECCO | Genetic programming for finite algebras. | Lee Spector, David M. Clark, Ian Lindsay, Bradford Barr, Jon Klein |
| 2007 | GECCO | Unwitting distributed genetic programming via asynchronous JavaScript and XML. | Jon Klein, Lee Spector |
| 2007 | GECCO | Quantum computing. | Lee Spector |
| 2007 | GECCO | Division blocks and the open-ended evolution of development, form, and behavior. | Lee Spector, Jon Klein, Mark Feinstein |
| 2005 | AIED | Teaching the evolution of behavior with SuperDuperWalker. | Lee Spector, Jon Klein, Kyle Ira Harrington, Raymond Coppinger |
| 2005 | GECCO | The Push3 execution stack and the evolution of control. | Lee Spector, Jon Klein, Maarten Keijzer |
| 2005 | GECCO | Validation of evolutionary activity metrics for long-term evolutionary dynamics. | Andrew Stout, Lee Spector |
| 2003 | GECCO | Emergence of Collective Behavior in Evolving Populations of Flying Agents. | Lee Spector, Jon Klein, Chris Perry, Mark Feinstein |
| 2002 | GECCO | Size Control Via Size Fair Genetic Operators In The PushGP Genetic Programming System. | Raphael Crawford-Marks, Lee Spector |
| 2002 | GECCO | Using Genetic Programming with Multiple Data Types and Automatic Modularization to Evolve Decentralized and Coordinated Navigation in Multi-Agent Systems. | Alan J. Robinson, Lee Spector |
| 1999 | CEC | Finding a better-than-classical quantum AND/OR algorithm using genetic programming. | Lee Spector, Howard Barnum, Herbert J. Bernstein, Nikhil Swamy |
| 1994 | AAAI | Genetic Programming and AI Planning Systems. | Lee Spector |
| 1994 | AAAI | Criticism, Culture, and the Automatic Generation of Artworks. | Lee Spector, Adam Alpern |
| 1994 | AAAI | Ordering Relations in Human and Machine Planning. | Lee Spector, Mary Jo Rattermann, Kristen Prentice |
| 1989 | SC | Knowledge representation on the connection machine. | Matthew P. Evett, Lee Spector, Jim Hendler |