| 2021 | An abstract interface for large-scale continuous optimization decomposition methods. | Rodolfo Ayala Lopes, Rodrigo C. P. Silva, Alan R. R. de Freitas |
| 2021 | An approximate MIP-DoM calculation for multi-objective optimization using affinity propagation clustering algorithm. | Claudio Lucio do Val Lopes, Flvio V. C. Martins, Elizabeth F. Wanner, Kalyanmoy Deb |
| 2021 | Pareto-optimal progressive neural architecture search. | Eugenio Lomurno, Stefano Samele, Matteo Matteucci, Danilo Ardagna |
| 2021 | Decomposition multi-objective optimisation: current developments and future opportunities. | Ke Li, Qingfu Zhang |
| 2021 | Neurogenetic programming framework for explainable reinforcement learning. | Vadim Liventsev, Aki Hrm, Milan Petkovic |
| 2021 | "Re-ID BUFF": an enhanced similarity measurement based on genetic programming for person re-identification. | Yiming Li, Lin Shang |
| 2021 | An empirical study of cooperative frequency in distributed cooperative co-evolution. | Ling-Yu Li, Wen-Jie Ou, Xiao-Min Hu, Wei-Neng Chen, An Song |
| 2021 | Landscape features and automated algorithm selection for multi-objective interpolated continuous optimisation problems. | Arnaud Liefooghe, Sbastien Vrel, Benjamin Lacroix, Alexandru-Ciprian Zavoianu, John A. W. McCall |
| 2021 | Multi-criteria differential evolution: treating multitask optimization as multi-criteria optimization. | Jian-Yu Li, Ke-Jing Du, Zhi-Hui Zhan, Hua Wang, Jun Zhang |
| 2021 | Regularized evolutionary population-based training. | Jason Zhi Liang, Santiago Gonzalez, Hormoz Shahrzad, Risto Miikkulainen |
| 2021 | Permutation-based optimization using a generative adversarial network. | Sami Lemtenneche, Abdelhakim Cheriet, Bensayah Abdellah |
| 2021 | More precise runtime analyses of non-elitist EAs in uncertain environments. | Per Kristian Lehre, Xiaoyu Qin |
| 2021 | Runtime analysis of population-based evolutionary algorithms. | Per Kristian Lehre, Pietro S. Oliveto |
| 2021 | Runtime analysis of evolutionary algorithms: basic introduction. | Per Kristian Lehre, Pietro S. Oliveto |
| 2021 | Dissipative polynomials. | William B. Langdon, Justyna Petke, David Clark |
| 2021 | Genetic improvement of data for maths functions. | William B. Langdon, Oliver Krauss |
| 2021 | Fitness first and fatherless crossover. | William B. Langdon |
| 2021 | Stasis type particle stability in a stochastic model of particle swarm optimization. | Tomasz Kulpa, Krzysztof Trojanowski, Krzysztof Wjcik |
| 2021 | Growth and harvest induce essential dynamics in neural networks. | Ilona M. Kulikovskikh, Tarzan Legovic |
| 2021 | ALF: a fitness-based artificial life form for evolving large-scale neural networks. | Rune Krauss, Marcel Merten, Mirco Bockholt, Rolf Drechsler |
| 2021 | Introducing a hash function for the travelling salesman problem for differentiating solutions. | Mehdi El Krari, Rym Nesrine Guibadj, John Woodward, Denis Robilliard |
| 2021 | OPTION: optimization algorithm benchmarking ontology. | Ana Kostovska, Diederick Vermetten, Carola Doerr, Saso Dzeroski, Pance Panov, Tome Eftimov |
| 2021 | Graph-aware evolutionary algorithms for influence maximization. | Kateryna Konotopska, Giovanni Iacca |
| 2021 | Addressing the multiplicity of solutions in optical lens design as a niching evolutionary algorithms computational challenge. | Anna V. Kononova, Ofer M. Shir, Teus Tukker, Pierluigi Frisco, Shutong Zeng, Thomas Bck |
| 2021 | Dynamic adaptation of decomposition vector set size for MOEA/D. | Yuta Kobayashi, Claus Aranha, Tetsuya Sakurai |